Tsunami in Japan 2011: Waves Stirred Up by Earthquake Cause Wide Destruction

Tsunami in Japan 

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Tsunami in Japan

Japan was hit by an enormous earthquake on March 11, 2011, that triggered a deadly 23-foot tsunami in the country's north. The giant waves deluged cities and rural areas alike, sweeping away cars, homes, buildings, a train, and boats, leaving a path of death and devastation in its wake. Video footage showed cars racing away from surging waves. The United States Geological Survey reported the earthquake and on Monday revised its magnitude from 8.9 to 9.0, which is the largest in Japan's history. The earthquake struck about 230 miles northeast of Tokyo. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued warnings for Russia, Taiwan, Hawaii, Indonesia, the Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and the west coasts the U.S., Mexico, Central America, and South America. As of Wednesday, March 16, more than 4,300 were confirmed dead. That number will likey continue to rise with more than 8,000 people still missing.

Earthquake Causes Nuclear Disaster

Disaster struck again on Saturday, March 12, when about 26 hours after the earthquake, an explosion in reactor No. 1 at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station caused one of the buildings to crumble to the ground. The cooling system at the reactor failed shortly after the earthquake. Officials feared that a meltdown may occur, and radioactive material was detected outside the plant. These fears were realized on Sunday, when officials said they believed that partial meltdowns occurred at reactors No. 1 and No. 3. The cooling systems at another plant, Fukushima Daini, were also compromised but the situation there seemed to be less precarious. More than 200,000 residents were evacuated from areas surrounding both facilities. Problems were later reported at two other nuclear facilities. By Tuesday, two more explosions and a fire had officials and workers at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station struggling to regain control of four reactors. The fire, which happened at reactor No. 4, released radioactivity directly into the atmosphere. The Japanese government told people living within 20 miles of the Daiichi plant to stay indoors, not use air conditioning, and keep their windows closed. More than 100,000 people are in the area. On Wednesday, March 16, while safety workers were still trying to contain the fire at reactor No. 4, officials announced that reactor No. 3 may have ruptured and appeared to be releasing radioactive steam. According to Tokyo Electric Power, the plant's operator, 5 workers have died and 22 more have suffered various injuries since the quake.

At a news conference on Sunday, Prime Minister Naoto Kan emphasized the gravity of the situation. "I think that the earthquake, tsunami, and the situation at our nuclear reactors makes up the worst crisis in the 65 years since the war. If the nation works together, we will overcome," he said. The government called in 100,000 troops to aid in the relief effort. The deployment is the largest since World War II.

The tsunami in Japan recalled the 2004 disaster in the Indian Ocean. On Dec. 26, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake—the largest earthquake in 40 years—ruptured in the Indian Ocean, off the northwest coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The earthquake stirred up the deadliest tsunami in world history, so powerful that the waves caused loss of life on the coast of Africa and were even detected on the East Coast of the United States. More than 225,000 people died from the disaster, a half a million were injured, and millions were left homeless.

See statistics on Deadliest Tsunamis and Deadliest Earthquakes.

The Science of Tsunami

A tsunami (pronounced soo-NAHM-ee) is a series of huge waves that occur as the result of a violent underwater disturbance, such as an earthquake or volcanic eruption. The waves travel in all directions from the epicenter of the disturbance. The waves may travel in the open sea as fast as 450 miles per hour. As they travel in the open ocean, tsunami waves are generally not particularly large—hence the difficulty in detecting the approach of a tsunami. But as these powerful waves approach shallow waters along the coast, their velocity is slowed and they consequently grow to a great height before smashing into the shore. They can grow as high as 100 feet; the Indian Ocean tsunami generated waves reaching 30 feet.

Tsunami is the Japanese word for "harbor wave." They are sometimes mistakenly referred to as tidal waves, but tsunamis have nothing to do with the tides. Tsunamis have been relatively rare in the Indian Ocean, and are most common in the Pacific Ocean.

For more details on Tsunami, see our encyclopedia article and Tsunami FAQs.

Tsunamis and Earthquakes: Facts and Stats Tsunami FAQs Deadliest Tsunamis Encyclopedia: Tsunamis Earthquake Factfile The science behind earthquakes Ten Largest Earthquakes Since 1900 Deadliest Earthquakes on Record Major Earthquakes around the World, 2010 Estimated Deaths from Earthquakes, 2010 Encyclopedia: Earthquakes

Nuclear Accidents: Facts and Stats The 2011 Nuclear Crisis in Japan Nuclear and Chemical Accidents and Fires Encyclopedia: Tsunamis Fires and Explosions Chernobyl Chernobyl Earth-Altering Accidents

Deadliest Tsunamis in History
Fatalities	Year	Magnitude	Principal areas
350,000	2004	9.0	Indian Ocean
100,000	1410 b.c.		Crete-Santorini, Ancient Greece
100,000	1755	8.5	Portugal, Morocco, Ireland, and the United Kingdom
100,000	1908		Messina, Italy
40,000	1782	7.0	South China Sea, Taiwan
36,500	1883		Krakatau, Indonesia
30,000	1707	8.4	Tokaido-Nankaido, Japan
26,360	1896	7.6	Sanriku, Japan
25,674	1868	8.5	Northern Chile
15,030	1792	6.4	Kyushu Island, Japan
Source: National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Deadliest Earthquakes in History
Fatalities	Year	Magnitude	Principal areas
830,000	1556	8.0	Shansi, China
255,000+	1976	8.0	Tangshan, China
230,000+	2004	9.1	off west coast of northern Sumatra
230,000	1138	n.a.	Aleppo, Syria
222,570	2010	7.0	Haiti
200,000	1920	8.6	Gansu, China
200,000	1927	7.9	near Xining, China
200,000	856	n.a.	Damghan, Iran
150,000	893	n.a.	Ardabil, Iran
143,000	1923	7.9	Kwanto, Japan
87,587	2008	7.9	Sichuan, China